Ophiophagus Hannah Snake Venom (King Cobra Venom)

Description

Ophiophagus Hannah Snake Venom | King Cobra Venom:

Ophiophagus Hannah Snake Venom | King Cobra Venom is extracted from a snake called Ophiophagus Hannah.

More details about Ophiophagus Hannah Snake Venom | King Cobra Venom:

The king cobra’s venom consists of cytotoxins and neurotoxins, including alpha-neurotoxins and three-finger toxins. Other components have cardiotoxic effects.

Its venom is produced in anatomical glands named postorbital venom glands.

It can deliver up to 420 mg venom in dry weight (400–600 mg overall) per bite, with a LD₅₀ toxicity in mice of 1.28 mg/kg through intravenous injection, 1.5 to 1.7 mg/kg through subcutaneous injection, and 1.644 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection.

For research purposes, up to 1 g of venom was obtained through milking.

The toxins affect the victim’s central nervous system, resulting in severe pain, blurred vision, vertigo, drowsiness, and eventually paralysis.

If the envenomation is serious, it progresses to cardiovascular collapse, and the victim falls into a coma.

Death soon follows due to respiratory failure. The affected person can die within 30 minutes of envenomation.

Ohanin, a protein component of the venom, causes hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mammals.

Large quantities of antivenom may be needed to reverse the progression of symptoms.

Taxonomic Classification:

About Ophiophagus Hannah Snake:

The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is a species of venomous elapid snake endemic to jungles in Southern and Southeast Asia.

The sole member of the genus Ophiophagus, it is distinguishable from other cobras, most noticeably by its size and neck patterns.

The king cobra is the world’s longest venomous snake, with an average length of 3.18 to 4 m (10.4 to 13.1 ft), reaching a maximum of 5.85 m (19.2 ft). Its skin colour varies across the habitats, from black with white stripes to unbroken brownish grey.

It preys chiefly on other snakes, including its own species. Unlike other snakes, it rarely hunts other vertebrates, such as rodents and lizards.

Like most cobras and mambas, the king cobra’s threat display includes spreading its neck-flap, raising its head upright, puffing, and hissing.

Despite its fearsome reputation, the king cobra avoids confrontation with humans whenever possible. When provoked, however, it is capable of striking a target at long range and well above the ground.

Rather than biting and retreating, it may sustain its bite and inject a large quantity of venom, which is a medical emergency.

Taxonomy:

The king cobra is also referred to by the common name “hamadryad”, especially in older literature.

Hamadryas hannah was the scientific name used by Danish naturalist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1836 who described four king cobra specimens, three captured in the Sundarbans and one in the vicinity of Kolkata.

Naja bungarus was proposed by Hermann Schlegel in 1837 who described a king cobra zoological specimen from Java.

In 1838, Cantor proposed the name Hamadryas ophiophagus for the king cobra and explained that it has dental features intermediate between the genera Naja and Bungarus.

Description:

The muzzle is rounded, and the tongue black. It has two fangs and 3–5 maxillar teeth in the upper jaw, and two rows of teeth in the lower jaw. The nostrils are between two shields.

The large eyes have a golden iris and round pupils. Its hood is oval shaped and covered with olive green smooth scales and two black spots between the two lowest scales.

Its cylindrical tail is yellowish green above and marked with black. It has a pair of large occipital scales on top of the head, 17 to 19 rows of smooth oblique scales on the neck, and 15 rows on the body.

Juveniles are black with chevron shaped white, yellow or buff bars that point towards the head.

Adult king cobras are 3.18 to 4 m (10.4 to 13.1 ft) long. The longest known individual measured 5.85 m (19.2 ft). Ventral scales are uniformly oval shaped. Dorsal scales are placed in an oblique arrangement.

Behaviour and ecology:

Like other snakes, a king cobra receives chemical information via its forked tongue, which picks up scent particles and transfers them to a sensory receptor (Jacobson’s organ) located in the roof of its mouth.

When it detects the scent of prey, it flicks its tongue to gauge the prey’s location, with the twin forks of the tongue acting in stereo. It senses earth-borne vibration and detects moving prey almost 100 m (330 ft) away.

Diet:

The king cobra is an apex predator and dominant over all other snakes except large pythons.

Its diet consists primarily of other snakes and lizards, including Indian cobra, banded krait, rat snake, pythons, green whip snake, keelback, banded wolf snake and Blyth’s reticulated snake.

It also hunts Malabar pit viper and hump-nosed pit viper by following their odour trails.

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